Analysis of Factors Causing Variation Orders and their Impact on Construction Contract Value of Main Dam Projects
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32832/astonjadro.v13i3.15981Keywords:
main dam; variation order; factor; indicator; cost increases.Abstract
The Indonesian government has been actively engaged in extensive dam construction initiatives aimed at harnessing water resources for diverse purposes such as agricultural irrigation, clean water supply, flood control, power generation, and tourism. However, the construction of each main dam project faces challenges, particularly in the form of variation orders that lead to increases in construction costs. This research investigated the factors contributing to variation orders in main dam projects in Indonesia and to assess their impact on the overall construction costs. A comprehensive literature review was performed to identify variation order factors previously studied by researchers. Subsequently, secondary data were gathered through questionnaires administered to various stakeholders involved in main dam projects, including contractors, consultants, and owners. The analysis of questionnaire responses revealed a total of 26 indicators contributing to variation orders, which were categorized into 9 consultant-related factor, 8 owner-related factor, 6 external factor, and 3 contractor-related factor. Four indicators, including the alignment of tender drawings and field conditions, natural changes (weather/geology), changes in work items, and the complexity of dam design, were identified as having mean values greater than 4 on a 5-point Likert scale. This indicates strong consensus among respondents that these indicators significantly contribute to variation orders. A subsequent questionnaire aimed to evaluate the impact of these 26 variation order indicators on construction cost increases. The collected data from respondents was analyzed using multiple linear regression. The results revealed that the contractor-related factor had the most substantial impact on cost increases with a coefficient of 0.14, followed by the external factor at 0.067, and the owner-related factor at 0.04.
References
Adedeji, A., Rapheal, O., Patience, T. (2018), “Empirical Review of Variation Orders Influence in Construction Project Delivery”, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), Volume 9, Issue 7, Hal. 412-421
Adu, E. T., Ekung, S. B., Lashinde, A. T. (2020), “Key Causes of Variation Orders in Public Construction Projects in South – South Zone of Nigeria: An Explanatory Factor Analysis”, Civil and Environmental Research, Vol. 12 No. 1, Hal. 47 - 59
Al-Dubaisi, A., H., (2000), Change Orders in Construction Projects in Saudi Arabia, Thesis MSc, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran
Arain, F. M., Pheng, L. S. (2005), “The Potential Effects of Variation Orders on Institutional Building Projects”, Facilities, Vol. 23 No.11, Hal. 496 - 510
Charoenngam, C., Coquinco, S. T., Hadikusumo, B. H. W. (2003), “Web-based Application for Managing Change Orders inc Construction Projects”, Construction Innovation, Vol. 3 , Hal. 197 - 215
De Marco, A., Thaheem, M. J. (2015), “Risk Analysis in Construction Projects: A Practical Selection Methodology”. American Journal of Applied Science, Vol. 11, Hal. 74 - 84
Desai, J. N., Pitroda, J., Bhavsar, J. J. (2015), “A Review on Change Order and Assessing Causes Affecting Change Order in Construction”. Journal of International Academic Research for Multidisciplinary, Vol. 2, Issue 12, Hal. 152 - 162
Dharmayanti, G. A. P. C., Wiryasa, N. M. A., Janasuputra, I. M. G. B. (2021), “Analisis Faktor Penyebab Contract Change Order dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Kinerja Pelaksanaan Proyek Konstruksi di Lingkungan Pemerintah Kabupaten Badung”. Jurnal Spektran, Vol. 9, No. 2, Hal. 141 - 148
Eigbe, S. (2022), “Causes And Effect Of Variation Orders On Construction Project Performance In Edo State Nigeria”, International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies (IJIRAS), Vol. 9, Issue 7, Hal. 39 - 48
Elshaboury, N., Mohamed, Y., Elsaid, A. (2020), “Overall Ranking of The Most Influential Causes and Impacts of Variation Order in Arab Construction Projects”, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Applied Economics and Social Science (ICAESS 2020), Shaping a Better Future Through Sustainable Technology, Hal. 331 - 339
FIDIC Second Edition (2017), Conditions of Contract for Construction, FIDIC, Geneva
Halwatura, R. U., Ranasinghe, N. P. N. P. (2013), “Causes of Variation Orders in Road Construction Projects in Sri Lanka”, ISRN Construction Engineering, Vol. 2013, Hal. 1 - 7
Ismaeel, W. A., Naji, H. I., Zehawi, R. N. (2021), “Identifying the Key Causes and Impacts of Variation Orders in Iraqi Construction Projects”, Diyala Journal of Engineeering Sciences, Vol. 14 No. 2, Hal. 18 - 27
Ismail, A., Pourrostam, T., Soleymanzadeh, A., Ghouyounchizad, M. (2012), “Factors Causing Variation Orders and their Effects in Roadway Construction Projects”, Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 4, Hal. 4969 – 4972
Khalifa, W. M. A., Mahamid, I. (2019),“Causes of Contract Change Orders in Construction Project”. Engineering, Technology, & Applied Science Research , Vol. 9, No. 6, Hal. 4956 - 4961
Kosasi, M. H, Andi, Arijanto, L., “Analisa Aspek – Aspek Dalam Prosedur Change Order Pada Proyek Konstruksi”, Dimensi Utama Teknik Sipil, Vol. 6 No. 1, Hal. 9 - 16
Kustiah, H., Hardjomuljadi, S., Amin, M. (2022), “Faktor Pengaruh Variation Order Pada Konstruksi Jalan Dan Jembatan Untuk Mengurangi Klaim Konstruksi”, Jurnal Konstruksia, Vol. 13, No. 2, Hal. 81 – 91
Lela, J. C., Manoppo, F. J., Supit, C. J. (2022), “Analisis Penyebab dan Pengaruh Contract Change Order Terhadap Kinerja Contractor Pada Proyek Konstruksi di Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan”, Jurnal Ilmiah Media Engineering, Vol. 12, No. 1, Hal. 21 - 34
Lembaga Kebijakan Pengadaan Barang / Jasa Pemerintah (2021), Peraturan Lembaga Kebijakan Barang / Jasa Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 12 Tahun 2021 Tentang Pedoman Pelaksanaan Pengadaan Barang / Jasa Pemerintah Melalui Penyedia, LKPP, Jakarta
Martanti, A. Y. (2018), “Analisis Faktor Penyebab Contract Change Order dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Kinerja Contractor Pada Proyek Konstruksi Pemerintah”. Rekayasa Sipil, Vol. 7 No. 1, Hal. 32 - 42
Maulana, A. (2016), “Faktor Penyebab Terjadinya Contract Change Order (CCO) dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Pelaksanaan Proyek Konstruksi Pembangunan Bendung”. Jurnal Infrastruktur, Vol. 02 No. 02, Hal. 40 – 51
Memon, A. H., Rahman, I. A., Hasan, M. F. A. (2014), “Significant Causes and Effects of Variation Orders in Construction Projects”, Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 7, Hal. 4495 - 4502
Ndihokubwayo, R., (2008), An Analysis of The Impact of Variation Orders on Project Performance, Dissertation M. Tech, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town
Nurmala, A., Hardjomuljadi, S. (2015), “Penyebab dan Dampak Variation Order (VO) Pada Pelaksanaan Proyek Konstruksi”. Jurnal Konstruksia, Vol. 6, No. 2, Hal. 63 - 77
Oladapo, A. A. (2007), “A Quantitative Assessment of The Cost and Time Impact of Variation Orders on Construction Projects”, Journal of Engineering, Design, and Technology, Vol. 5 No. 1, Hal. 35 - 48
Presiden Republik Indonesia (2021), Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 22 Tahun 2020 Tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Undang – Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2017 Tentang Jasa Konstruksi, Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia, Jakarta
Presiden Republik Indonesia (2021), Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 12 Tahun 2021Tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Presiden Nomor 16 Tahun 2018 Tentang Pengadaan Barang / Jasa Pemerintah, Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia, Jakarta
Presiden Republik Indonesia (2022), Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 9 Tahun 2022 Tentang Perubahan Kedua Atas Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 51 Tahun 2008 Tentang Pajak Penghasilan Atas Penghasilan dari Usaha Jasa Konstruksi , Menteri Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia Republik Indonesia, Jakarta
Shamsudin, N., S., (2017), Challenges And Sgrategies Associating Eith Variation Order Work: Contractor’s Perspective, Dissertation, International Islamic University, Kuala Lumpur
Sihombing,P. R, (2021), Corat Coret Catatan Statistisi Pemula, Yayasan Sahabat Alam Rafflesia, Yogyakarta
Thakar, S. J. (2020), “A Research on Impact of Variation Order in Construction Projects”, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Vol. 07, Issue 05, Hal. 5365 – 5373
Yuliara,I M, (2016), Regresi Linier Berganda, Modul Statistika, Universitas Udayana, Denpasar
Zentenno, Suroso, A. (2021), “Analisis Faktor Penyebab CCO dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Biaya Contractor Pada Proyek Jalan Tol”. Jurnal Aplikasi Teknik Sipil, Vol. 19, Nomor 3, Hal. 335 – 344
Zhang, H., Liu, C., Gao, X., (2016), “Research on the Price Types of Construction Contracts for Construction Works”, Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, Vol. 63, Hal. 274 – 279
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 ASTONJADRO
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Paper submitted to ASTONJADRO is the sole property of the Astonjadro Journal. Unless the author withdraws the paper because he does not want to be published in this journal. The publication rights are in the journal Astonjadro.ASTONJADRO
LICENSE
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at http://ejournal.uika-bogor.ac.id/index.php/ASTONJADRO
