A Conceptual Framework of Culturally-Based Planning for Sustainable Spatial Development in Indigenous Villages
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32832/astonjadro.v15i2.21679Keywords:
culturally-based planning, indigenous villages, cultural heritage, community-based tourism, sustainable land management.Abstract
Indigenous villages face growing pressures from modernization and unplanned development, creating tensions between cultural preservation and spatial adaptation. This study develops a conceptual framework for culturally based planning in sustainable spatial development, using Kasepuhan Sinar Resmi, part of the UNESCO Global Geopark Ciletuh, as a case study. An integrative methodological design was employed, combining SWOT analysis for situational diagnosis, multi-criteria analysis (MCA) for structured prioritization, and the Delphi method for stakeholder consensus-building. Results show that socio-cultural values, particularly rituals, rice barns (leuit), and customary governance, emerged as the highest priority, confirming the central role of intangible heritage as active planning criteria. MCA indicated that culture anchors planning (40%), environment sustains it (35%), and economy complements it (25%), while the Delphi process demonstrated that authenticity can be reframed as a negotiated construct, reconciling preservation with modernization. The study produced a zoning model comprising a core preservation area, a culturally aligned buffer zone, and a sustainable development zone, offering both local solutions and globally transferable lessons. Theoretically, the research enriches heritage conservation discourse by operationalizing the concept of living heritage and advancing participatory governance as a mechanism for adaptive authenticity. Practically, it highlights the need to recognize customary authority as a legitimate planning infrastructure and to integrate cultural values into zoning regulations. The findings demonstrate that indigenous communities can transform modernization–preservation tensions into opportunities for adaptive resilience, providing insights applicable to other indigenous settlements worldwide.
References
[1] E. Nursanty, A. G. Cauba Jr, and A. P. Waskito, “Vernacular branding: sustaining city identity through vernacular architecture of indigenous villages,” Place Brand. Public Dipl., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 482–503, 2024. Doi: 10.1057/s41254-024-00349-2
[2] R. Jigyasu, “Managing Historic Cities in the Contemporary World: Navigating Disasters, Climate Change and Urban Resilience Through Intangible Aspects of Cultural Heritage,” in Sustainable Management of Historic Settlements in Asia: Role of Intangible Cultural Heritage, Springer, 2025, pp. 243–252. Doi: 10.1007/978-981-97-6736-6_15
[3] E. Noaime and M. M. Alnaim, “Heritage and Resilience: Sustainable Recovery of Historic Syrian Cities,” Buildings, vol. 15, no. 14, p. 2403, 2025. Doi: 10.3390/buildings15142403
[4] R. R. Sunhadji, S. A. Amdani, S. L. Ma’rifah, M. D. Prayoga, P. Paikun, and D. D. Permadi, “Preservation of Kasepuhan Traditional House Culture to Maintain Unesco Global Recognition Ciletuh Geopark,” in 2022 IEEE 8th International Conference on Computing, Engineering and Design (ICCED), IEEE, 2022, pp. 1–6. Doi: 10.1109/ICCED56140.2022.10010381
[5] I. Widianingsih, J. J. McIntyre, U. S. Rakasiwi, G. H. Iskandar, and R. Wirawan, “Indigenous Sundanese leadership: Eco-systemic lessons on zero emissions: A conversation with Indigenous leaders in Ciptagelar, West Java,” Syst. Pract. Action Res., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 321–353, 2023. Doi: 10.1007/s11213-022-09606-y
[6] S. H. Hengky, “Evolving sustainability Ciletuh’s Global Geopark,” Bus. Econ. Res., vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 1–21, 2022. Doi: 10.5296/ber.v12i3.20107
[7] C. Udeaja et al., “Urban heritage conservation and rapid urbanization: Insights from Surat, India,” Sustainability, vol. 12, no. 6, p. 2172, 2020. Doi: 10.3390/su12062172
[8] C. N. Tsironis, S. Sylaiou, and E. Stergiou, “Risk, faith and religious tourism in second modernity: Visits to Mount Athos in the COVID-19 era,” J. Herit. Tour., vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 516–532, 2022. Doi: 10.1080/1743873X.2021.2007252
[9] Z. Jia, C. Meng, and Z. Zhou, “A 3-D morphological approach on spatial form and cultural identity of ethnic mountain settlements: Case from Guizhou, China,” J. Mt. Sci., vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 1144–1158, 2021. Doi: 10.1007/s11629-020-6256-3
[10] S. K. Malarney, Culture, ritual and revolution in Vietnam. Routledge, 2020. Doi: 10.4324/9781003005100
[11] D. A. G. Agung, A. M. Nasih, and B. Kurniawan, “Local wisdom as a model of interfaith communication in creating religious harmony in Indonesia,” Soc. Sci. Humanit. Open, vol. 9, p. 100827, 2024. Doi: 10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.100827
[12] R. Varriale, L. Genovese, and B. Aldighieri, “‘Diffused geoparks’: territorial integration as solution for a shared sustainable growth based on geotourism in Italy, Japan and Tunisia,” Heritage, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 2083–2105, 2022. Doi: 10.3390/heritage5030109
[13] D. R. Ferreira and J. Valdati, “Geoparks and sustainable development: Systematic review,” Geoheritage, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 6, 2023. Doi: 10.1007/s12371-022-00775-9
[14] S. R. Pudjiastuti, A. Sutarjo, U. Nurhayati, and V. T. Fuadah, “Implementasi Kearifan Lokal Masyarakat Kasepuhan Adat Sinar Resmi Dalam Pembentukan Karakter,” J. Citizsh. Virtues, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 174–184, 2021. Doi: 10.37640/jcv.v1i2.995
[15] J. Zhang, K. Xiong, Z. Liu, and L. He, “Research progress on world natural heritage conservation: its buffer zones and the implications,” Herit. Sci., vol. 10, no. 1, p. 102, 2022. Doi: 10.1186/s40494-022-00744-z
[16] R. W. Puyt, F. B. Lie, and C. P. M. Wilderom, “The origins of SWOT analysis,” Long Range Plann., vol. 56, no. 3, p. 102304, 2023. Doi: 10.1016/j.lrp.2023.102304
[17] N. E. H. Belazreg, M. Hasbaia, Z. Şen, and A. Ferhati, “Flood risk mapping using multi-criteria analysis (MCA) through AHP method case of El-Ham wadi watershed of Hodna basin (Algeria),” Nat. hazards, vol. 120, no. 2, pp. 1023–1039, 2024. Doi: 10.1007/s11069-023-06239-9
[18] M. R. Guarini, F. Sica, and A. Segura, “Artificial Intelligence (AI) Integration in Urban Decision-Making Processes: Convergence and Divergence with the Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA),” Information, vol. 15, no. 11, p. 678, 2024. Doi: 10.3390/info15110678
[19] Y.-F. Wang, Y.-F. Hsu, and K. Fang, “The key elements of gamification in corporate training–The Delphi method,” Entertain. Comput., vol. 40, p. 100463, 2022. Doi: 10.1016/j.entcom.2021.100463
[20] S. L. Ma’rifah, Paikun, N. S. Nugroho, S. Maemunah, and M. D. Prayoga, “Strength Analysis of Wood Frame Structures Based on SNI 7973: 2013 and Load Modeling on SAP 2000 Application Technology: The Kasepuhan Sinar Resmi Traditional House,” Eng. Proc., vol. 107, no. 1, p. 90, 2025. Doi: 10.3390/engproc2025107090
[21] P. Paikun and K. Kurniawan, “Penanganan Bangunan Masjid Swadaya Masyarakat Pada Perumahan,” J. KARINOV, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 36–44, 2022. Doi: 10.17977/um045v5i1p36-44
[22] M. J. Mokgokong, “A research and development model for planning and development in South Africa’s provincial administration: A case of selected provinces.” Tshwane University of Technology, 2023. Avaliable at Google Scholar
[23] P. M. Falcone, A. Tani, V. E. Tartiu, and C. Imbriani, “Towards a sustainable forest-based bioeconomy in Italy: Findings from a SWOT analysis,” For. policy Econ., vol. 110, p. 101910, 2020. Doi: 10.1016/j.forpol.2019.04.014
[24] B. Qasim Derhem Dammag, D. Jian, and A. Q. Dammag, “Cultural heritage sites risk assessment and management using a hybridized technique based on GIS and SWOT-AHP in the Ancient City of Ibb, Yemen,” Int. J. Archit. Herit., pp. 1–36, 2024. Doi: 10.1080/15583058.2024.2364717
[25] J. Fernandez, O. Maillard, G. Uyuni, M. Guzmán-Rojo, and M. Escobar, “Multi-Criteria Prioritization of Watersheds for Post-Fire Restoration Using GIS Tools and Google Earth Engine: A Case Study from the Department of Santa Cruz, Bolivia,” Water, vol. 15, no. 20, p. 3545, 2023. Doi: 10.3390/w15203545
[26] L. Azzabi, D. Azzabi, and A. Kobi, The multi-criteria approach for decision support: An introduction with practical applications, vol. 300. Springer, 2020. Doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-57262-4
[27] S. A. Prince et al., “Prioritizing a research agenda on built environments and physical activity: a twin panel Delphi consensus process with researchers and knowledge users,” Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act., vol. 20, no. 1, p. 144, 2023. Doi: 10.1186/s12966-023-01533-y
[28] S. L. Gomes, L. M. Hermans, C. Butsch, P. S. Banerjee, S. Luft, and S. Chakraborty, “A Delphi-based methodology for participatory adaptation pathways building with local stakeholders: Methodological considerations and an illustrative application in peri-urban India,” Environ. Dev., vol. 46, p. 100822, 2023. Doi: 10.1016/j.envdev.2023.100822
[29] C.-I. Papadopoulou, S. Kalogiannidis, E. Loizou, and F. Chatzitheodoridis, “Navigating the Bioeconomy: Using Delphi-SWOT to Build Robust Strategies for Sustainable Growth,” Sustainability, vol. 17, no. 9, p. 4131, 2025. Doi: 10.3390/su17094131
[30] Y. Girma, H. Terefe, S. Pauleit, and M. Kindu, “Urban green infrastructure planning in Ethiopia: The case of emerging towns of Oromia special zone surrounding Finfinne,” J. urban Manag., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 75–88, 2019. Doi: 10.1016/j.jum.2018.09.004
[31] R. R. Sunhadji, H. Salasa, and N. E. Nivolaevna, “The estimated cost of work and K3 construction of retaining walls,” Int. J. Eng. Appl. Technol., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 47–56, 2022. Doi: 10.52005/ijeat.v5i1.59
[32] A. Hamzah, S. A. Amdania, and S. P. Nikolaevich, “Analysis of abutment safety factors against landslides on the Cipeundeuy bridge-Sukatani, Indonesia,” Int. J. Eng. Appl. Technol., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 2021. Doi: 10.52005/ijeat.v4i1.46
[33] P. Paikun, S. A. Amdani, D. A. Susanto, and D. Saepurrahman, “Analysis of the compressive strength of concrete from brick wall waste as a concrete mixture,” ASTONJADRO, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 150–162, 2023. Doi: 10.32832/astonjadro.v12i1.8145
[34] L. Pereira, M. Pinto, R. L. da Costa, Á. Dias, and R. Gonçalves, “The new SWOT for a sustainable world,” J. Open Innov. Technol. Mark. Complex., vol. 7, no. 1, p. 18, 2021. Doi: 10.3390/joitmc7010018
[35] L. E. Quezada, E. A. Reinao, P. I. Palominos, and A. M. Oddershede, “Measuring performance using SWOT analysis and balanced scorecard,” Procedia Manuf., vol. 39, pp. 786–793, 2019. Doi: 10.1016/j.promfg.2020.01.430
[36] I. Teotónio, C. O. Cruz, C. M. Silva, and R. F. R. Lopes, “Bridging CBA and MCA for evaluating green infrastructure: Proposal of a new evaluation model (MAGICA),” Socioecon. Plann. Sci., vol. 85, p. 101446, 2023. Doi: 10.1016/j.seps.2022.101446
[37] A. Oppio and M. Dell’Ovo, “Strategic environmental assessment (SEA) and multi-criteria analysis: an integrated approach,” in Strategic Environmental Assessment and Urban Planning: Methodological Reflections and Case Studies, Springer, 2020, pp. 47–63. Doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-46180-5_4
[38] A. A. Olsen, M. D. Wolcott, S. T. Haines, K. K. Janke, and J. E. McLaughlin, “How to use the Delphi method to aid in decision making and build consensus in pharmacy education,” Curr. Pharm. Teach. Learn., vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 1376–1385, 2021. Doi: 10.1016/j.cptl.2021.07.018
[39] D. Walters et al., “Validation of a rapid wetland ecosystem services assessment technique using the Delphi method,” Ecol. Indic., vol. 125, p. 107511, 2021. Doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107511
[40] T. I. Kastuti and B. Sulistyadi, “The Implementation of Adaptive Co-Management Towards Revalidation Program: A Case Study in Ciletuh-Palabuhanratu UNESCO Global Geopark,” Int. J. Business, Humanit. Educ. Soc. Sci., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 58–67, 2021. Doi: 10.46923/ijbhes.v3i2.111
[41] R. Rahmawati, B. Sastrawan, A. Apriliani, S. Julaeha, and D. Syahrudin, “DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM THROUGH INCREASING THE LOCAL CAPACITY,” Committee, p. 321, 2020. Available at Google Scholar
[42] E. Naryono, “GOD WHEN SMILING CREATED HIM (KASEPUHAN SINAR RESMI OF SUKABUMI REGENCY WEST JAVA INDONESIA),” Center for Open Science, 2021. Doi: 10.31219/osf.io/w8mes
[43] R. Daro Minarchek, “Land, Trees, and Gold: The Politics of Resource Claims by Indigenous Peoples in Indonesia,” 2019. Available at Google Scholar
[44] J. R. Saragih, D. V. P. A. Sitepu, and N. Nurhayati, “Analysis of rice fields conversion to improve control strategies: A SWOT framework,” Agro Bali Agric. J., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 333–346, 2024. Doi: 10.37637/ab.v7i2.1702
[45] E. Mihocic, K. Gharehbaghi, P. Hilletofth, K. F. Tee, and M. Myers, “Augmenting the cities’ and metropolitan regional demands for mega rail infrastructure: the application of SWOT and factor analysis,” Smart Sustain. Built Environ., vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 377–406, 2025. Doi: 10.1108/SASBE-02-2023-0044
[46] S. Hussain et al., “Rice production under climate change: adaptations and mitigating strategies,” Environ. Clim. plant Veg. growth, pp. 659–686, 2020. Doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-49732-3_26
[47] N. A. Khan, J. Qiao, M. Abid, and Q. Gao, “Understanding farm-level cognition of and autonomous adaptation to climate variability and associated factors: Evidence from the rice-growing zone of Pakistan,” Land use policy, vol. 105, p. 105427, 2021. Doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105427
[48] S. Romprasert, T. Romprasert, and D. Tanamee, “Economic Development Mechanisms: Community Resources,” in International Conference on Knowledge Management in Organizations, Springer, 2025, pp. 155–177. Doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-95898-4_12
[49] Y. Lee and R. Jayakumar, “Economic impact of UNESCO Global Geoparks on local communities: Comparative analysis of three UNESCO Global Geoparks in Asia,” Int. J. Geoheritage Park., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 189–198, 2021. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijgeop.2021.02.002
[50] N. Mouter, M. Dean, C. Koopmans, and J. M. Vassallo, “Comparing cost-benefit analysis and multi-criteria analysis,” in Advances in transport policy and planning, Elsevier, 2020, pp. 225–254. Doi: 10.1016/bs.atpp.2020.07.009
[51] K. M. Udir, U. Golob, and K. Podnar, “Exploring public relations’ social impact: Insights from a Delphi study,” Public Relat. Rev., vol. 51, no. 5, p. 102637, 2025. Doi: 10.1016/j.pubrev.2025.102637
[52] C. Round, “Experiences at the centre of the world: meaning and monumentality at Delphi (c. 570-400 BCE).” University of Nottingham (United Kingdom), 2021. Available at Google Scholar
[53] K. Mäkinen, T. Lähdesmäki, S. Kaasik-Krogerus, V. L. A. Čeginskas, and J. Turunen, “EU heritage diplomacy: Entangled external and internal cultural relations,” Int. J. Cult. Policy, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 9–22, 2023. Doi: 10.1080/10286632.2022.2141722
[54] C. Poblete and C. Acuña, “‘When two worlds collide’ conflicting logics in indigenous community-based enterprises,” Small Bus. Econ., pp. 1–21, 2025. Doi: 10.1007/s11187-025-01077-4
[55] J. Tieleman and J. Uitermark, “Chiefs in the city: Traditional authority in the modern state,” Sociology, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 707–723, 2019. Doi: 10.1177/0038038518809325
[56] J. C. M. Tanucan, W. Wider, J. Lobo, L. N. Udang, D. Sofyan, and L. Jiang, “Evaluating Exercise as Punishment: Insights from the Delphi Method on Philippine School Practices,” Phys. Cult. Sport, vol. 107, no. 1, pp. 23–36, 2025. Doi: 10.2478/pcssr-2025-0003
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 ASTONJADRO
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Paper submitted to ASTONJADRO is the sole property of the Astonjadro Journal. Unless the author withdraws the paper because he does not want to be published in this journal. The publication rights are in the journal Astonjadro.ASTONJADRO
LICENSE
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at http://ejournal.uika-bogor.ac.id/index.php/ASTONJADRO
