The Impact of Credit Risk, Capital Adequacy, Liquidity, and Efficiency on Return on Assets in Indonesian Banking

Authors

  • Sparta STIE Indonesia Banking School
  • Aura Nanda Safhira STIE Indonesia Banking School

Keywords:

credit risk, Capital Adequacy Ratio, liquidity, Efficiency, Bank size

Abstract

This study aims to determine the effect of credit risk, capital adequacy, liquidity and efficiency on return on assets of banks in Indonesia with the control variable bank size. This research was conducted at Conventional Commercial Banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2019 to 2023. The research population is the annual report of conventional banks in Indonesia so that the number of samples obtained is 37 banks using purposive sampling method. The analysis method used is data panel analysis. The results showed that credit risk has no effect on return on assets, capital adequacy has no effect on return on assets, liquidity has a significant positive effect on return on assets, efficiency has a significant positive effect on return on assets and bank size has an effect on return on assets. The managerial implications of this study indicate that despite increased credit risk, banks in Indonesia can still maintain profitability through strengthening risk management, optimizing capital utilization, balanced liquidity management, improving operational efficiency, and strategically managing bank size growth. The novelty of this research lies in its use of the most recent period covering the pandemic and recovery phase, as well as the integration of key banking indicators into a comprehensive empirical model. Managerial implications highlight the need for strengthening liquidity management, enhancing operational efficiency, and optimizing bank scale to maintain profitability in a dynamic economic environment.

References

Abdurrohman, Fitrianingsih, D., Salam, A. F., & Putri, Y. (2020). Pengaruh Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) Dan Non Performing Loan (NPL) Terhadap Return On Asset (ROA) Pada Sektor Perbankan Di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Jurnal Revenue, 01(01). https://doi.org/10.46306/rev.v1i1

Abiola, I., & Olausi, A. S. (2014). The Impact of Credit Risk Management on the Commercial Banks Performance in Nigeria. International Journal of Management and Sustainability, 3(5), 295–306. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.11/2014.3.5/11.5.295.306

Anindiansyah, G., Sudiyatno, B., Puspitasari, E., & Susilawati, Y. (2020). Pengaruh CAR, NPL, BOPO dan LDR Terhadap ROA dengan NIM Sebagai Variabel Intervening (Studi pada Bank Yang Go Public di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode Tahun 2015-2018). Indonesian Journal of Economics and Management.

Artikanaya, I. K. R. (2024). Pengaruh Inflasi, Leverage, Dan Ukuran Perusahaan Terhadap Profitabilitas Dan Return Saham. Jurnal Ilman: Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen, 12.

Asysidiq, K. M., & Sudiyatno, B. (2022). Pengaruh CAR, NPL, LDR, GDP dan Inflasi Terhadap ROA Pada Bank Umum Swasta Nasional yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2017-2021. Jurnal Mirai Management.

Azizah, S. N. (2024). Analisis Pengaruh CAR, FDR, dan NPF terhadap Profitabilitas Pada Bank Umum Syariah Di Indonesia. Jurnal Riset Keuangan Dan Akuntansi, 10, 45–57. www.ojk.go.id

Azmi, N., Hassan, R., & Aziz, N. (2019). Profitability signals and investor responses in emerging markets , International Journal of Finance & Economics.

Cahyani, H. D., & Amirudin, A. (2024). Pengaruh Non Performing Loan (NPL) dan Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) terhadap Profitabilitas (ROA) Perusahaan Perbankan Tahun 2014 - 2023. Jurnal Publikasi Ilmu Manajemen, 3(3), 121–130. https://doi.org/10.55606/jupiman.v3i3.4181

Dae, B. I., & Sidik, S. (2024). Pengaruh Capital Adequacy Requirement (CAR), Beban Operasional Terhadap Pendapatan Operasional (BOPO), dan Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR) Terhadap Return On Asset (ROA) Pada Bank Umum Syariah. Jurnal Ilmiah Wahana Pendidikan, 10(1), 188–196. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10465790

El-Chaarani, H., Ismail, T. H., El-Abiad, Z., & El-Deeb, M. S. (2022). The impact of COVID-19 on financial structure and performance of Islamic banks: a comparative study with conventional banks in the GCC countries. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 40(4), 769–797. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEAS-07-2021-0138

Febriyanti, A., Annajah, S., Syarif, S. H., & Setiyawati, M. E. (2023). Analisis Efektifitas dalam Penerapan Kemitraan Industri Perbankan Indonesia: a Literature Review. Inisiatif: Jurnal Ekonomi, Akuntansi Dan Manajemen, 2(1).

Ferly, M. M., Rinofah, R., & Kusumawardhani, R. (2023). Analisis Pengaruh CAR dan BOPO Terhadap ROA Dengan NIM Sebagai Variabel Intervening Pada PT. Bank Pembangunan Daerah Kalimantan Periode Tahun 2011 – 2021. Ekombis Review: Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, 11(2), 1207–1220. https://doi.org/10.37676/ekombis.v11i2.3966

Godfrey, J., Tarca, A., & Holmes, S. (2010). Accounting Theory (7th ed.). Wiley Australia.

Gujarati, N. D., Porter, C. D., & Gunasaker, S. (2016). Basic Econometrics (5th ed.). McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited.

Hossain, M., & Miah, M. (2023). Credit risk disclosure and market reactions: Evidence from banking institutions. Asian Finance Review.

Hunjra, A. I., Mehmood, A., Nguyen, H. P., & Tayachi, T. (2020). Do firm-specific risks affect bank performance? International Journal of Emerging Markets, 17(3), 664–682. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-04-2020-0329

Ichsan, R. N., Suparmin, S., Yusuf, M., Ismal, R., & Sitompul, S. (2021). Determinant of Sharia Bank’s Financial Performance during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal): Humanities and Social Sciences, 4(1), 298–309. https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v4i1.1594

Ikatan Bankir Indonesia. (2014). Memahami Bisnis Bank: Modul Sertifikasi Tingkat I General Banking. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Ikatan Bankir Indonesia. (2015). Manajemen Risiko 2: Modul Sertifikasi Manajemen Risiko Tingkat II (1st ed.). PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Irawati, Z., & Ismadi. (2019). Analisis Pengaruh Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Net Interest Margin (NIM), Non-Performing Loan (NPL), Biaya Operasional Terhadap Pendapatan Operasional (BOPO), Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) dan Size Terhadap Profitabilitas (Studi Kasus Pada Perusahaan Perbankan yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2013-2017).Skripsi S1-FEB Universitas Muhammaddiyah Surakarta.

Ishak, S., Abdullah, J., & Hasan, W. (2024). Pengaruh Intellectual Capital dan Ukuran Perusahaan Terhadap Profitabilitas Perbankan di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi Dan Bisnis, 9(1), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.38043/jiab

Jarwani, G., Sahri, M., Rohmah, N. A., & Nurlatifah, R. (2023). The Influence Of Financial Ratios On Banking Financial Performance. Journal of Islamic Economic Scholar, 4(1), 31–40.

Kessek, E. V, Saerang, I. S., & Karuntu, M. M. (2024). Pengaruh Kecukupan Modal, Efisiensi Operasional, Kredit Bermasalah, Dan Marjin Pendapatan Terhadap Profitabilitas Bank Umum Di Bei Periode 2018-2022. Jurnal EMBA, 12, 429–440.

Kinanti, A., & Putra, A. (2024). Pengaruh NPL, LDR, dan CAR terhadap ROA pada Bank Umum Konvensional. Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai, 8, 16482–16493.

Million, G., Matewos, K., & Sujata, S. (2015). The impact of credit risk on profitability performance of commercial banks in Ethiopia. African Journal of Business Management, 9(2), 59–66. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBM2013.7171

Nguyen, T. T., & Bui, H. N. (2020). Liquidity as a stability signal in the banking industry: Evidence from ASEAN countries. Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, 28(4), 533–550.

Parenrengi, S., & Hendratni, T. W. (2018). Pengaruh dana pihak ketiga, kecukupan modal dan penyaluran kredit terhadap profitabilitas bank. Jurnal Manajemen Strategi Dan Aplikasi Bisnis, 1(1), 9. https://ejournal.imperiuminstitute.org/index.php/JMSAB

Pinasti, W. F., & Mustikawati, RR. I. (2018). Pengaruh CAR, BOPO, NPL, NIM dan LDR Terhadap Profitabilitas Bank Umum Periode 2011-2015. Jurnal Nominal. 7(1). Melalui https://jurnal.uny.ac.id/index.php/nominal/article/view/19365.

Praja, N. B. A., & Hartono, U. (2019). Pengaruh Ukuran Perusahaan, Capital Adequacy Ratio, Loan To Deposit Ratio, Dan Non Performing Loan Terhadap Profitabilitas Bank Umum Swasta Nasional Devisa Yang Terdaftar Di Indonesia Periode 2012-2016. Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen, 7.

Rahman, A., & Ismail, K. (2021). Capital adequacy signals and investor reactions during economic uncertainty. International Journal of Banking and Finance, 16(1), 1–20.

Rohmiati, E., Winarni, W., & Soebroto, N. W. (2019). Analisis Pengaruh Bopo, Npl, Nim, Dan Ldr Terhadap Profitabilitas Pada Bank Umum Di Indonesia Periode 2012-2017. Keunis, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.32497/keunis.v7i1.1531

Ross, S. A., Westerfield, R. W., & Jordan, B. D. (2022). Fundamentals of Corporate Finance (Thirteenth Edition). New York: Mc Graw Hill.

Sadie, K. A. H., & Nyale, M. H. Y. (2024). Dampak Implementasi Risiko Kredit, Risiko Likuiditas, Modal Bank, Ukuran Bank Terhadap Profitabilitas. Al-Kharaj: Jurnal Ekonomi, Keuangan & Bisnis Syariah, 6(8), 5946–5961. https://doi.org/10.47467/alkharaj.v6i8.4143

Sanusi, A. (2017). Metodologi Penelitian Bisnis. Salemba Empat.

Sari, W. A., Indiworo, H. E., & Violinda, Q. (2024). Analisis Faktor-Faktor Pengaruh Kinerja Keuangan dan Ukuran Perusahaan Terhadap Profitabilitas Bank. Jurnal Riset Rumpun Ilmu Ekonomi, 3(1), 38–56. https://doi.org/10.55606/jurrie.v3i1.2165

Saunders, A., & Cornett, M. M. (2017). Financial Institutions Management A Risk Management Approach. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Septiana, D. R., Saerang, I. S., & Rumokoy, L. J. (2024). Analisis Pengaruh Rasio Keuangan Terhadap Profitabilitas Bank Umum Swasta Nasional Periode 2017-2021. Jurnal EMBA, 12(3), 243–255.

Setiawan, S., & Diansyah. (2018). Pengaruh Car, Bopo, Npl, Inflasi Dan Suku Bunga Terhadap Profitabilitas Pada Bank Umum Konvensional Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia, Media Manajemen Jasa, Vol. 6, Issue 2. Melalui: https://journal.uta45jakarta.ac.id/index.php/MMJ/article/view/1400

Seto, A. A., & Septianti, D. (2021). Dampak Pandemi Covid 19 Terhadap Kinerja Keuangan Sektor Perbankan Di Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, 8(2), 144–154.

Setyarini, A. (2020). Analisis Pengaruh Car, Npl, Nim, Bopo, Ldr Terhadap Roa (Studi Pada Bank Pembangunan Daerah Di Indonesia Periode 2015-2018). Research Fair Unisri 2019, 4(1), 282.

Sparta. (2017). Analisis Pengaruh Efisiensi Dan Kecukupan Modal Terhadap Kinerja Keuangan Pada Bank Pembangunan Daerah Di Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, 20(1).

Subramanyam, K. R. (2014). Financial Statement Analysis (11th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education: Singapore.

Sumarni. (2021). Peran Bank Sebagai Lembaga Perantara (Intermediary) Ditinjau Dari Undang-Undang Nomor 10 Tahun 1998. Jurnal Ganec Swara, 15(1), 889. https://doi.org/10.35327/gara.v15i1.188

Taswan. (2010). Manajemen Perbankan: Konsep, Teknik dan Aplikasi (2nd ed.). UPP STIM YKPN.

Wijaya, E., & Tiyas, A. W. (2016). Analisis Pengaruh Kecukupan Modal, Likuditas, Risiko Kredit dan Efisiensi Biaya Terhadap Profitabilitas Bank Umum. 2(3), 99–109. www.infobanknews.com,

Yola, E., & Satrianto, A. (2024). Pengaruh Variabel Makroekonomi dan Indikator Rasio Keuangan Terhadap Profitabilitas Bank Umum Konvensional di Indonesia. Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan, 6(2), 87–96.

Downloads

Published

05-02-2026

How to Cite

Sparta, & Safhira, A. N. (2026). The Impact of Credit Risk, Capital Adequacy, Liquidity, and Efficiency on Return on Assets in Indonesian Banking. Jurnal Manajemen, 17(1), 268–289. Retrieved from http://150.107.142.43/index.php/manajemen/article/view/22177

Issue

Vol. 17 No. 1 (2026): Jurnal Manajemen (Edisi Elektronik)

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal Manajemen

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
  2. Authors can enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
  3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).