Kebebasan akademis pada masa Khalifah Al-Ma’mun dan relevansinya dengan konsep merdeka belajar di Indonesia

Authors

  • Nur Syakinah Hasibuan Program Studi Pendidikan Islam, Pascasarjana, Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara
  • Junaidi Arsyad Program Studi Pendidikan Islam, Pascasarjana, Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara
  • Salminawati Program Studi Pendidikan Islam, Pascasarjana, Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32832/tawazun.v16i3.15394

Keywords:

Academic freedom, Caliph Al-Ma'Mun, Concept of freedom of learning, Kebebasan Akademis, Khalifah Al-Ma`mun, Merdeka Belajar

Abstract

This research aims to determine academic freedom during the time of Caliph Al-Ma'mun and its relevance to the concept of freedom to learn in Indonesia. The method used in this research is using qualitative research methods with a library research approach and using historical approach steps. The focus of analysis in this research is to examine the social and intellectual conditions during the Abbasid era, especially during the time of the caliph Al-Ma'mun, so that several academic freedom practices were discovered that occurred at that time. The results of this research show that there is significant relevance between academic freedom during the time of Caliph Al-Ma'mun and the concept of independent learning which is being launched by the Indonesian Minister of Education and Culture in overcoming the low interest in literacy and numeracy among Indonesian children after the Covid-19 pandemic. The concept of Independent Learning is intended to give students the freedom to learn according to their interests and talents as an effort to grow a generation that will bring changes in competence in their respective fields. These include similarities in aspects of the definition of freedom itself, the assimilation factor as a driving force for the development of knowledge, similarities in the implementation of outdoor learning, namely during the time of the Caliph Al-Ma'mun it was called a scientific spirit, while in independence learning was called an outing class, similarities in development methods science, namely the debate/jaldah method with the discussion method, similarities in efforts to develop science through research activities and writing down the work of the research. As well as mastery of foreign languages in translation activities during the time of Caliph Al-Ma'mun by strengthening foreign languages, especially English, in independent learning.

Abstrak

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kebebasan akademis pada masa khalifah Al-Ma`mun dan relevansinya dengan konsep merdeka belajar di Indonesia. Adapun metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan pustaka (library research) serta menggunakan langkah-langkah pendekatan sejarah. Fokus analisis dalam penelitian ini adalah mengkaji kondisi sosial intelektual pada masa Bani Abbasiyah khususnya pada masa khalifah Al-Ma`mun sehingga ditemukan beberapa praktik kebebasan akademis yang terjadi pada masa itu. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat relevansi yang signifikan antara kebebasan akademis pada masa khalifah Al-Ma`mun dan konsep merdeka belajar yang sedang dicanangkan oleh Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Indonesia dalam mengatasi rendahnya minat literasi dan numerasi anak-anak Indonesia pasca Pandemi Covid-19. Konsep Merdeka belajar dimaksudkan untuk memberikan kebebasan kepada peserta didik untuk belajar sesuai minat dan bakatnya sebagai upaya untuk menumbuhkan generasi yang akan membawa perubahan pada kompetensi dalam bidang masing-masing. Di antaranya kesamaan dalam aspek definisi kebebasan itu sendiri, faktor asimilasi sebagai pendorong berkembangnya ilmu pengetahuan kemiripan dalam pelaksanaan pembelajaran di luar ruangan yaitu pada masa khalifah Al-Ma`mun disebut dengan rihlah ilmiah sedangkan dalam merdeka belajar disebut dengan outing class, kesamaan dalam metode pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan yaitu metode debat/jaldah dengan metode diskusi, kesamaan dalam upaya pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan melalui kegiatan penelitian/riset serta menuliskan karya dari penelitian tersebut. Serta penguasaan bahasa asing dalam kegiatan penerjemahan pada masa Khalifah Al-Ma`mun dengan penguatan bahasa asing khususnya bahasa Inggris dalam merdeka belajar.

References

Abdillah, N. (2016). Madzhab Dan Faktor Penyebab Terjadinya Perbedaan. Fikroh: Jurnal Pemikiran Dan Pendidikan Islam, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.37812/fikroh.v8i1.20

Aly, H. N., Abdullah, S., Chamami, M. R., Fihris, Yahiji, K., Supiah, Damopolii, M., Ainiyah, N., & Ritonga, A. R. (2023). Reviewing the Colonial Period Islamic Education System in Indonesia: What is Still Relevant to Continue. Journal of Namibian Studies, 33, 671–687. https://doi.org/10.59670/jns.v33i.531

Apriyanto, A. (2020). Kesejahteraan Ummat dan The Golden Age Of Islam Telaah Historis Pemberdayaan Masyarakat di Masa Khalifah Harun Al-Rasyid. ICODEV: Indonesian Community Development Journal, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.24090/icodev.v1i1.4257

Astriyani, R., Tahir, M., & Salam, M. M. (2023). Penerapan Nilai-nilai Moderasi dalam Kurikulum Merdeka Belajar. Seling: Jurnal Program Studi PGRA, 9(2).

Bassnett, S. (2020). The Figure of the Translator. In Journal of World Literature (Vol. 1, Issue 3). https://doi.org/10.1163/24056480-00103002

Creswell, J. W. (2020). Penelitian Kualitatif & Desain Riset : Memilih di Antara Lima Pendekatan. In Mycological Research.

Dalimunthe, M.A., Pallathadka, H., Muda, I., Manoharmayum, D,D., Shah, A,H., Prodanova, N,A., Mamarajabov, M, E., & Singer, N. (2023). Challenges of Islamic Education in the New Era of Information and Communication Technologies. HTS Theological Studies. 79(1), 1-6. [Available Online at https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v79i1.8608 ]

Daulay, H. P., Dahlan, Z., & Putri, Y. A. (2023). Peradaban dan Pemikiran Islam pada Masa Bani Abbasiyah. Edu Society: Jurnal Pendidikan, Ilmu Sosial Dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.56832/edu.v1i2.63

Desnelita, Y., Susanti, W., Rizal, F., & Ritonga, A. R. (2013). The Implementation of Collaborative Project Based Learning Model with Inquiry Process using E-Learning in Higher Education. Educational Administration Theory and Practice, 29(1), 90–101.

Dhaiman, A. N., & Hidayat, T. (2023). Manajemen Kurikulum Pendidikan Masa Kekhalifahan Abbasiyah. Mauriduna: Journal of Islamic Studies, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.37274/mauriduna.v4i1.683

Fitri, N. M., & Sari, S. R. (2020). Pengaruh Kreativitas Dan Minat Belajar Terhadap Hasil Belajar Matematika. Jurnal Silogisme : Kajian Ilmu Matematika Dan Pembelajarannya, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.24269/silogisme.v4i2.988

George, M. W. (2019). The Elements of Library Research. In The Elements of Library Research. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400830411

Goossens, S., Wybouw, N., Van Leeuwen, T., & Bonte, D. (2020). The physiology of movement. In Movement Ecology (Vol. 8, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40462-020-0192-2

Indainanto, Y.I., Dalimunthe, M.A., Sazali, H., Rubino., & Kholil, S. (2023). Islamic Communication in Voicing Religious Moderation as an Effort to Prevent Conflicts of Differences in Beliefs. Pharos Journal of Theology. Volume 104 Issue 4 - (2023). [ Available Online at https://doi.org/10.46222/pharosjot.104.415 ]

Ismiyati, N., Sutijtro, & Umamah, N. (2015). Peranan Harun Al-Rasyid dalam Kekhalifahan Abbasiyah Tahun 786-809 M. Artikel Ilmiah Mahasiswa, 1(1).

Kemdikbud. (2019). Kebijakan merdeka belajar 1: empat pokok kebijakan merdeka belajar. Www.Kemdikbud.Go.Id.

Kennedy, H. (2016). The early abbasid caliphate: A political history. In The Early Abbasid Caliphate: A Political History. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315667423

Krippendorff, K. (2022). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. In Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071878781

Kuntowijoyo. (2003). Metodologi Sejarah. Tiara Wacana Yogya. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=ZhIWAAAACAAJ

Kurniyawan, M. D., Sultoni, S., & Sunandar, A. (2020). Manajemen Sekolah Ramah Anak. Jurnal Administrasi Dan Manajemen Pendidikan. https://doi.org/10.17977/um027v3i22020p192

Machwate, S., Bendaoud, R., Henze, J., Berrada, K., & Burgos, D. (2021). Virtual exchange to develop cultural, language, and digital competencies. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115926

Marengke, M. (2019). Konsep Pengembangan Kompetensi Guru. Foramadiahi: Jurnal Kajian Pendidikan Dan Keislaman, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.46339/foramadiahi.v11i2.227

Mustaghfiroh, S. (2020). Konsep “Merdeka Belajar” Perspektif Aliran Progresivisme John Dewey. Jurnal Studi Guru Dan Pembelajaran, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.30605/jsgp.3.1.2020.248

Muttaqiin, Z. (2022). Sejarah Dinasti Abbasiyah: Telaah Pendidikan Pada Masa Kejayaan. Jurnal Al-Makrifat, 7(1).

Naderi, S., Acar, F., Mertol, T., & Arda, M. N. (2003). Functional anatomy of the spine by Avicenna in his eleventh century treatise Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb (The Canons of Medicine). Neurosurgery, 52(6). https://doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000064811.30933.7f

Najwa, W. A., Slamet Widodo, M. Misbachul Huda, & Adhy Putri Rilianti. (2023). Kompetensi Guru dalam Menerapkan Merdeka Belajar di Sekolah Dasar. Sangkalemo : The Elementary School Teacher Education Journal, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.37304/sangkalemo.v2i1.7440

Noviani, H. D., & Yanuarti, E. (2023). Internalisasi Nilai-Nilai Moderasi Beragama Dalam Kurikulum Merdeka Belajar Pendidikan Agama Islam. Symfonia: Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam, 3(1).

Nurjatisari, T., Sukmayadi, Y., & Nugraheni, T. (2023). Penguatan Profil Pelajar Pancasila melalui Kemasan Pertunjukan Seni pada Kurikulum Merdeka di Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v7i4.4836

Purba, P., & Bermuli, J. E. (2022). Konsep Merdeka Belajar Dalam Kurikulum Pendidikan Kristen Untuk Mendukung Proses Pembelajaran Digital. Bonafide: Jurnal Teologi Dan Pendidikan Kristen, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.46558/bonafide.v3i1.83

Samsudin, M., & Zuhri, M. (2018). Perkembangan Pendidikan Islam pada Masa Harun Al-Rasyid dan Al-Ma’mun. Jurnal Al-Ashriyyah, 4(1).

Sofa, R. (2022). Kejayaan Pendidikan Islam Pada Masa Khalifah Harun Ar-Rasyid. Jurnal Keislaman, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.54298/jk.v5i1.3414

Vernon, L., & Drane, C. F. (2020). Influencers: the importance of discussions with parents, teachers and friends to support vocational and university pathways. International Journal of Training Research, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/14480220.2020.1864442

Vhalery, R., Setyastanto, A. M., & Leksono, A. W. (2022). Kurikulum Merdeka Belajar Kampus Merdeka: Sebuah Kajian Literatur. Research and Development Journal of Education, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.30998/rdje.v8i1.11718

Weeks, J. M. (2019). Introduction to library research in anthropology. In Introduction to Library Research in Anthropology. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429044069

Yasmansyah, Y., & Sesmiarni, Z. (2022). konsep merdeka belajar kurikulum merdeka. Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu Pendidikan Indonesia, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.31004/jpion.v1i1.12

Yin, R. K. (2013). Case study research: Design and methods. Applied Social Research Methods Series, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.1097/00001610-199503000-00004

Ying, J. (2020). The Importance of the Discussion Method in the Undergraduate Business Classroom. Humanistic Management Journal, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41463-020-00099-2

Yusuf, A. N. (2020). The Used Of A Medium Of Learning Song Foreign Language In Learning Speak Stranger In Elementary School. Jurnal Pajar (Pendidikan Dan Pengajaran), 4(5). https://doi.org/10.33578/pjr.v4i5.7995

Downloads

Published

2023-11-15

How to Cite

Hasibuan, N. S., Arsyad, J., & Salminawati. (2023). Kebebasan akademis pada masa Khalifah Al-Ma’mun dan relevansinya dengan konsep merdeka belajar di Indonesia . Tawazun: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 16(3), 443–458. https://doi.org/10.32832/tawazun.v16i3.15394

Issue

Section

Artikel